PALA+ is the next phase of PALA (Presidential Active Lifestyle Award) that promotes physical activity AND good nutrition, because it takes both to lead a healthy lifestyle.
The President?s Council announced the new PALA+ at Worldwide Day of Play on Saturday, September 24. The physical activity requirements for PALA+ remain the same: 60 minutes/day for kids and 30 minutes/day for adults five days a week for six out of eight weeks. The new nutrition component requires participants to add a weekly healthy eating goal and build upon those goals throughout the same six-week period.? Find out more at www.fitness.gov.
Learn More about other ways to eat healthy and remain fit ? Try Blendtec
8 Rules For Good Customer ServiceGood . You are able to offer promotions and slash prices to bring in as numerous new clients as you would like, but unless you can acquire some of those customers to return, UK Fashion Dresses your business won?t be profitable for long.
Good customer service is all about bringing customers back. Contributing to sending them away happy ? happy enough to pass through positive feedback about your company along to others, who will then try the merchandise or service you are offering for themselves and in their turn become repeat customers.
If you?re a good salesperson, you can sell almost anything to anyone once. But it will be your approach to customer service that determines whether you???ll ever be able to sell that person anything else. The essence of good customer service is forming rapport with customers ??C a relationship that that each customer feels he would like to pursue.
How can you go about forming this type of relationship? By remembering the main one true secret of excellent customer service and acting accordingly; ?You is going to be judged by what you need to do, not that which you say.?
I understand this verges on the kind of statement that?s often seen on a sampler, but providing good customer service IS a simple thing. If you wish to have good customer support, all you?ve got to complete is make sure that your business consistently does this stuff:
1) Answer your phone.
Get call forwarding. Or an answering service. Hire staff if you need to. But ensure that someone is obtaining the phone when someone calls your business. Modest bridesmaid dress (Notice I say ?someone?. People who call want to speak with a live person, not really a fake ?recorded robot?.) For additional on answering the phone, see Phone Answering Tips to Win Business.
2) Don?t make promises if you don?t could keep them.
Not plan to have them. Could keep them. Reliability is one of the secrets of any good relationship, and good customer service is no exception. If you say, ???Your new bedroom furniture will be delivered on Tuesday???, makes it delivered on Tuesday. Otherwise, don?t say it. The same rule applies to client appointments, deadlines, etc.. Think before you give any promise ? because nothing annoys customers greater than a broken one.
3) Pay attention to your visitors.
Can there be something more exasperating than telling someone what you would like or what your problem is and then finding that that individual was not focusing and needs to be explained again? From the customer?s point of view, I doubt it. Can the sales pitches and the product babble. Let your customer talk and show him that you are listening by looking into making the appropriate responses, such as suggesting how you can solve the problem.
4) Cope with complaints.
No one likes hearing complaints, and several people have developed a reflex shrug, saying, ?You can?t please all of the people all of the time?. Not, but if you give the complaint your attention, you may be able to please that one person that one time ? and position your business to reap the benefits of good customer support.
5) Be helpful ? even if there?s no immediate profit inside it.
Yesterday I popped right into a local watch shop because I?d lost the little piece that clips the pieces of my watch band together. When I explained the issue, the proprietor said that he thought he might have one lying around. He found it, attached it to my watch band ??C and charged me nothing! Where do you think I?ll go after i require a new watch band or perhaps a new watch? And just how many people do you consider I?ve told this story to?
6) Train your staff (if you have any) to be always helpful, courteous, and knowledgeable.
Do-it-yourself or hire someone to train them. Speak with them about good customer support and what it is (and isn?t) regularly. Most importantly, give every person in your staff enough information and power to make those small customer-pleasing decisions, so he never needs to say, ?I don?t know, but so-and-so will be back at??
7) Go ahead and take extra step.
For instance, if a person walks to your store and insists upon enable them to find something, don?t just say, ?It?s in Aisle 3?. Lead the customer towards the item. Better yet, wait and see if he has questions about it, or further needs. Whatever the extra step may be, if you wish to provide good customer service, go. They might not let them know to you, but people notice when people make an extra effort and will tell others.
Toss in something extra.
Be it a coupon for any future discount, more information on how to use the product, or a genuine smile, everyone loves to get more compared to they thought these were getting. And don???t believe that a gesture needs to be large to work. The local art framer that people use attaches a package of picture hangers to every picture he frames. A little thing, but so appreciated.
Should you apply these eight simple rules consistently, your business will end up known for its good customer support. And the best part? The irony of good customer service is the fact that with time it will generate more new clients than promotions and value slashing ever did!
Recently, I was approached by a client who was interested in starting a business, however he was curious to learn about the different business structures available, and which would be most suitable for him. Considering this was not the first time I have addressed such an inquiry, I felt it prudent to elaborate on the various structures and explain the differences between each.
Please be aware that this is not a comprehensive description of the structures and it is always advised to speak to an attorney who would better be able to provide sound advice on which structure is most suitable for your particular needs, expectations and business.
One of the most common misconceptions when it comes to creating a business is that many feel that an incorporation is automatically the best structure to use; however, that is not always true. In order to fully understand why, or why not, an incorporation is most applicable, it is important to get a basic understanding of the other available business entities.??
In Michigan, there are three common business structures that owners can typically choose from: Partnership/Sole Proprietorship, Corporation, and Limited Liability Company.
1. Partnership/Sole Proprietorship: The major difference between a partnership and a sole proprietorship is in the number of owners. In a sole proprietorship, there is essentially only one owner; hence the word ?sole.? On the other hand, in a partnership, it is comprised of two or more owners who come together with the intent of advancing their mutual interest.
Depending on the specific type of business you are operating, creating a sole proprietorship or a partnership is not always recommended. Under either of these structures, you, the business owner, are responsible for all taxes. However, the method in how you file your taxes does not differ from your current procedure, as the income received by your company would simply be inputted in your personal tax returns.
However, probably the biggest drawback with a sole proprietorship and partnership is that in the event your company is involved in any legal action, you are ultimately responsible for any and all judgments, whereby your business assets and your personal assets can be seized to satisfy any judgment.?
2. Corporation/Limited Liability Company (LLC): One of the biggest benefits of setting up a corporation or an LLC is that it reduces the exposure of the owners and their assets in the event of a legal action. Because corporations and LLC?s are considered separate entities, requiring a separate tax ID number, a separate tax return, the only assets that can be seized for judgment are the assets owned by the corporation/LLC; therefore, the owners are not held personally liable, and thus have their assets safeguarded from potential liability.
With respect to the taxes, the profit obtained by a corporation/LLC is taxed to the company when earned, and if the shareholder (under a corporation) decides to distribute dividends, the shareholder would also be taxed individually. Thus, this creates a double tax, which is not always appealing. This double taxation can be avoided through the use of an LLC, where there are no shareholders, but rather members to the company. Please speak to an expert for further information in how to reduce your taxes through the set-up on an LLC.
As indicated above, it is always best to rely on the expert opinion of an experienced attorney who would be able to discuss in more depth the differences between each respective structure and determine, based on your specific needs, which structure is most efficient for you. Although starting a partnership/sole proprietorship is the easier and cheaper selection, it may not always be the most optimum, as you could be opening yourself up to unnecessary liability.
Adil Daudi is an Attorney at Joseph, Kroll & Yagalla, P.C., focusing primarily on Asset Protection for Physicians, Physician Contracts, Estate Planning, Business Litigation, Corporate Formations, and Family Law. He can be contacted for any questions related to this article or other areas of law at adil@josephlaw.net or (517) 381-2663.
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Filed Under: *The Muslim Observer, 13-40, Community News, Legal, MMN News Services, MMNS, Volume 13 Tagged: Business, business entities, business owner, business structures, common misconceptions, incorporation, limited liability company, mutual interest, number, partnership, sole proprietorship, sound advice, structure, understanding
In working with people worldwide, I?m aware that there are as many varieties of sex addictions as there are sex addicts?(as the saying goes). And just because someone has a sex addiction, doesn?t mean they are a spousal abuser.
While it?s true that their sexual habits go hand-in-hand with sexual control, their addiction is about the sexual arousal, not the partner control. This is the primary distinction.
Sex Addicts, Drug Addicts and Domestic Abuse
I liken it to the relationship between drug addictions and domestic abuse. While it is true that abusers can get more aggressive in their verbal and physical altercations with the use of alcohol, it is important to member that alcohol addiction and domestic abuse are two separate syndromes.
In the case of alcohol and drug abuse, be mindful that the addiction is toward the substance. Whereas, domestic abuse has more to do with an addiction to controlling one?s partner in and of itself.
The same is true for sex addictions. Those who have sex addictions may seek to control the sex in their intimate relationships. However, they do not do this as a means to another end?such as, controlling their intimate partners. Rather, the control is about the sexual experience.
Violence as a Manifestation of Another Addiction
There may be violence associated with both the drug and sex addiction that is displayed in the addicts efforts to control their substance for the drug addict and their sexual arousal for the sex addict. But this manifestation of violence is merely that. It?s a by-product of seeking the focus of their addiction, which is not the same as the violence of domestic abuse.
In the case of domestic abuse, violence is a manifestation of domestic abuse, but the ?domestic abuse? is fundamentally about ?the control??specifically, controlling the intimate partner. The battering (verbal, emotional and physical) is used to establish and maintain an unequal distribution of power and control in the relationship.
Implications for Treating Couples in Abusive Relationships
If you are in an abusive relationship, in which intimate partner violence has been identified in combination with either an alcohol, drug or sex addiction, then be mindful of the implications for treatment. Make sure that your couples or partner?s therapist is addressing the addictions separately.
Realize that drug and sex addictions are both syndromes separate from intimate partner abuse. And moreover, they must be treated independently with an appropriate addiction specific intervention.
Concurrent Treatment for Abusers and Addicts
I find the greatest success when substance and sex addicts are in a twelve-step program for their addiction while they are going through a domestic abuse intervention. Treatment goals remain separate and are accomplished independently from the domestic violence treatment.
For information about sexual control and abusive relationships, visit http://www.preventabusiverelationships.com/controlling_relationship.php and claim Free Instant Access to Survivor Success eInsights. Psychologist Dr. Jeanne King, Ph.D. helps couples end and heal from domestic abuse. ?Jeanne King, Ph.D. ? Domestic Violence Prevention and Intervention
How to stop snoring, well the very first anti-snoring device, the clever tennis-ball-in-a-sock, which ensured people, went to sleep on their side and not their backs has been joined by some 300 more other gadgets invented in the years since. Different apparatuses, on the other hand, stimulate an uncomfortable sensation if someone snores. The trouble is that the air passage is irregular, since regular breathing requires a steady flow of air.
Some individuals do not look on snoring as a big issue, but it really can be. People who suffer from snoring usually have interrupted sleep that deprives them of having natural and comfortable sleep and when the situation gets aggravated, the snorer will usually have long-term health problems including obstructive sleep apnea. snoring sufferers often feel humiliated by the loud noise it makes which often awakens their partner.
But, impeding sleep apnea, is a different situation, where snoring is continuously being disturbed because there is a complete obstruction to breathing for the sufferer. This happens at an average of ten seconds long and might occur around seven times in an hour so a person may suffer from thirty up to 300 instances in one night alone. When you lower your level of oxygen, your heart must work harder to keep you alive. Among the immediate effects are a forced light sleep, which keeps the muscular tissue tense and permits normal airflow in the lungs ? this, nonetheless, leads to an uneasy rest. If a person is not sleeping well or endures sleep disorders that stop them from sleeping, it could lead to many other medical issues.
Snoring can be induced by the tissues used in respiration. Other things that make the airway narrow can also add to snoring. Some of the causes of snoring are: enlarged tonsils, extended soft palate, or thick soft palate. Although an additional cause may be a tissue irregularity in the back of the throat which could cause an obstacle in the airway. Any elements that help relax the muscular tissue of the throat more than required are effective reasons of snoring and due to the fact that alcohol is a relaxant, it acts upon the muscle in the throat to relax it. So, a usual drinking of alcohol close to bedtime can be the cause of snoring. How to stop snoring can be very difficult and time consuming.
More often than not, snoring is associated with impeding sleep apnea so it is advisable that you are correctly diagnosed so that the right treatment can be prescribed. Interruption of the natural air flow through your throat may also be because of natural reasons. The crucial region of the nose, referred to as ?the bridge? is the nasal septum and when this divider is not straight or there?s any nasal congestion due to this, snoring will occur. One of the most efficient snoring cures is surgery in which a permanent treatment is applied. Many individuals don?t realize that snoring can become a serious condition. As with any health condition acquiring an early diagnosis is advantageous for effective therapy. If you go undiagnosed and untouched, your condition will probably get bad.
Disclaimer: Always consult your doctor before taking any medical advice.
Amazon parrots ? medium to large in size. They are in general green colored with patches of yellow, red, and blue on their tail, wings, and head. They often chatter when there are strangers around and possess very loud voices. The older male Amazons like the hawk-headed parrots can be aggressive.
Cockatoos ? compared to Amazons ? most of these are big. They are very intelligent, sensitive, and nervous birds. They possess erect crests that is lowered and raised at will. They may look cuddly and cute, but adult cockatoos can levy painful bites if they are not properly trained. Cockatoos request and want constant attention and are difficult to take care of.
African Gray Parrots are medium to large in size. They are overly sensitive but very enthralling birds. When strangers are around, they are very quiet, however, they can be very loud but do not create noise nuisance. Hand-reared parrots are very prone to feather plucking.
Macaws are the largest sized parrot species. The smaller macaws, like Hahn?s and the yellow-collared, make good pets, but are noisy. They are active, inquisitive and often very mischievous parrots. They can learn to talk and can be very chatty. Their marvelous beaks can damage many items around the house, including furniture and can even crush nuts. They are not very suitable for homes with young children. Large Macaws may also want more space instead of just a bird cage.
If you have large birds, such as the above-mentioned as pets, one should go for a large parrot cage. This should have a bar spacing of one or more inches as inappropriate spacing can ensue in injury to the bird.
Medium sized Parrots:
Conures are found in South Africa and are very sure and active birds. Sun yellow and enthralling orange conures, and blue-crowned and Patagonian conures have very loud and piercing voices. They are very curious, but very enthralling too. They can talk but possess squeaky thin voices when they try to emulate human speech. Conures are happy to sleep in roosting boxes placed inside the bird cage.
If you have these medium-sized birds, as pets, you should go for parrot cages which have a bar spacing of a half-inch to 5/8 inch.
Small-sized Parrots:
Parakeets are mostly found in Australia and Asia and are leaf-green colored, and are ground-feeders, and spend most of the time on the bird cage floor. Unlike other parrot species, they are quiet birds, although they are very active and social creatures. They live in a large flock and are usually kept as a flock in an aviary. Parakeets are independent birds and do not mix or bond well with humans. They retort to training but are poor mimics and imitators of human voices and speech.
Lovebirds are active and small parrots with short tails and come from Africa. They are usually kept as pets in pairs, as they rarely bond with human beings as many other parrot species do. They emit shrill sounds and can voice calls at a high volume, but they are unable to copy or imitate human speech. Lovebirds are mostly kept in an aviary, or as a pair in a bird cage, instead of in the company of other birds.
Cockatiels and budgies are the commonest parrot-like birds, and they are from Australia. Budgies are enthralling green in color with a fine scale-like pattern of white and black markings, but now they come in a collection of myriad colors due to selective breeding over generations. Budgies are easy to keep as pets, but want lots of attention and time with its owner/keeper if they are kept alone. They can talk and learn many phrases and words and make sounds in small, squeaky voices. Budgies are very busy and active birds. Cockatiels are large birds and they are good pets. They are naturally gray with some white on their wings, and orange-yellow patches on their head. They can learn to talk but are loud with harsh voices. They are very busy and active birds and can be really taught to obey some commands and requests.
If you have a small parrot such as one of the above-mentioned, you probably want one of the medium sized parrot cages having a half-inch or less bar spacing. One should all the time get as big a parrot cage as possible as long as he takes care of selecting one with an proper bar spacing and orientation.
As with most other birds, parrots enjoy bird toys as they are not just fun but neccessary for all species of parrots, large or small. These toys help keep their minds challenged, their beaks busy and keep them entertained. So make sure to buy an array of separate bird toys for your parrot to enjoy.
separate Types of Parrots
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Boys and their bodiesPublic release date: 26-Sep-2011 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Sylvain-Jacques Desjardins s-j.desjardins@concordia.ca 514-848-2424 x5068 Concordia University
Concordia, University of Manitoba study finds not all males aspire to have chiseled bodies idealized by popular culture
This release is available in French.
Montreal, September 26, 2011 Male bodies are increasingly objectified by mass media. Consider Michael 'The Situation' Sorrentino, a cast member of MTV's Jersey Shore reality show, who garnered fame by flashing his chiseled abs before cameras.
Such objectification should send young men running to gyms or fretting before mirrors, right? Not quite. A new study from Concordia University and the University of Manitoba, published in the journal Men and Masculinities, found most boys simply want an average physique.
"Not all boys aspire to have lean, muscular or idealized male bodies that are commonplace in popular culture," says Moss E. Norman, who led the study as a post-doctoral fellow at Concordia's Simone de Beauvoir Institute.
"In many cases, boys who took part in our study were staunchly critical of idealized male images," he continues. "They found it problematic, feminine or vain to be overly concerned with appearances. Sculpted bodies were seen as unnatural, the product of steroids or zealous weight-lifting."
A total of 32 Toronto-area boys, aged 13 to 15, were recruited from a community centre and private school to participate in this research. While the sample group was small, the study lasted nine months and included four in-depth interviews and 19 focus groups.
Discussions centered on male bodies, health, diet and physical activity. Participants were asked to comment on popular culture images, such as the animated character Homer Simpson, shirtless models featured in Bowflex home gym commercials and cut athletes from Ultimate Fighting Championships.
"One of the surprises from this study was how comfortable boys were in expressing, analyzing and comparing bodies their own, their peers' and those ideals depicted by media," says Norman, who is now a professor at the University of Manitoba's Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management.
"Although they felt pressure to be fit, they displayed a distant, disinterested and cool relationship to their bodies," he adds. "Some participants also admitted to desiring particular masculine ideals and working on their bodies to achieve such idealized forms."
Some body concerns
This study builds on previous research that found boys can face the same anxieties, fears and body image disorders experienced by girls and women. Common body concerns among boys who took part in this particular study included height, muscularity, obesity, skin complexion and style.
"Being overweight was seen as undesirable and associated with a sedentary, immoral lifestyle," says Norman. "
The majority of participants viewed sports as a fun and masculine way to build muscle, while managing calories and body fat. "They felt sports could naturally produce a healthier, fitter and more attractive man," says Norman. "Sports are used to deflect, obscure and erase their bodily anxieties and desires."
Most teenaged boys, Norman concludes, simply want an average physique that doesn't stand out: "Any bodies that fell outside that norm were labeled unnatural, unhealthy or just too much. Boys want a body that's neither too fat nor too skinny; too tall nor too short; too muscular nor too weak."
Simone de Beauvoir Institute: http://wsdb.concordia.ca
Concordia University: www.concordia.ca
University of Manitoba: http://umanitoba.ca
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Boys and their bodiesPublic release date: 26-Sep-2011 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Sylvain-Jacques Desjardins s-j.desjardins@concordia.ca 514-848-2424 x5068 Concordia University
Concordia, University of Manitoba study finds not all males aspire to have chiseled bodies idealized by popular culture
This release is available in French.
Montreal, September 26, 2011 Male bodies are increasingly objectified by mass media. Consider Michael 'The Situation' Sorrentino, a cast member of MTV's Jersey Shore reality show, who garnered fame by flashing his chiseled abs before cameras.
Such objectification should send young men running to gyms or fretting before mirrors, right? Not quite. A new study from Concordia University and the University of Manitoba, published in the journal Men and Masculinities, found most boys simply want an average physique.
"Not all boys aspire to have lean, muscular or idealized male bodies that are commonplace in popular culture," says Moss E. Norman, who led the study as a post-doctoral fellow at Concordia's Simone de Beauvoir Institute.
"In many cases, boys who took part in our study were staunchly critical of idealized male images," he continues. "They found it problematic, feminine or vain to be overly concerned with appearances. Sculpted bodies were seen as unnatural, the product of steroids or zealous weight-lifting."
A total of 32 Toronto-area boys, aged 13 to 15, were recruited from a community centre and private school to participate in this research. While the sample group was small, the study lasted nine months and included four in-depth interviews and 19 focus groups.
Discussions centered on male bodies, health, diet and physical activity. Participants were asked to comment on popular culture images, such as the animated character Homer Simpson, shirtless models featured in Bowflex home gym commercials and cut athletes from Ultimate Fighting Championships.
"One of the surprises from this study was how comfortable boys were in expressing, analyzing and comparing bodies their own, their peers' and those ideals depicted by media," says Norman, who is now a professor at the University of Manitoba's Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management.
"Although they felt pressure to be fit, they displayed a distant, disinterested and cool relationship to their bodies," he adds. "Some participants also admitted to desiring particular masculine ideals and working on their bodies to achieve such idealized forms."
Some body concerns
This study builds on previous research that found boys can face the same anxieties, fears and body image disorders experienced by girls and women. Common body concerns among boys who took part in this particular study included height, muscularity, obesity, skin complexion and style.
"Being overweight was seen as undesirable and associated with a sedentary, immoral lifestyle," says Norman. "
The majority of participants viewed sports as a fun and masculine way to build muscle, while managing calories and body fat. "They felt sports could naturally produce a healthier, fitter and more attractive man," says Norman. "Sports are used to deflect, obscure and erase their bodily anxieties and desires."
Most teenaged boys, Norman concludes, simply want an average physique that doesn't stand out: "Any bodies that fell outside that norm were labeled unnatural, unhealthy or just too much. Boys want a body that's neither too fat nor too skinny; too tall nor too short; too muscular nor too weak."
Simone de Beauvoir Institute: http://wsdb.concordia.ca
Concordia University: www.concordia.ca
University of Manitoba: http://umanitoba.ca
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
The current standard of care when it comes to treating non-Hodgkin?s lymphoma ? the most prevalent type of hematological or ?blood-based? cancer ? is a drug called rituximab. While rituximab does not typically cause unfavorable side effects in patients, the problem with the drug is that doctors frequently seek to increase its effectiveness by combining it with chemotherapy. This practice, unfortunately, also reduces a patient?s ability to tolerate rituximab.
Now, one Waltham-based biotechnology company is looking to revolutionize the standard of care for non-Hodgkin?s lymphoma by eliminating the need for chemotherapy. ImmunoGen recently filed an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA to explore the potential benefits of its new cancer therapy, IMGN529. In addition to studying its effects on non-Hodgkins lymphoma, ImmunoGen would like to explore IMGN529?s impact on chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which is another variety of blood-based cancer.
?IMGN529 is a TAP [Targeted Antibody Payload] compound,? ImmunoGen CEO, Daniel Junius, told New England Post. Unlike chemotherapy agents, ?TAP compounds utilize antibodies as targeting vehicles to deliver a potent, ImmunoGen cancer-killing agent directly to cancer cells to minimize damage to healthy tissue.? This means that during treatment, patients would be less likely to suffer from side effects like nausea, vomiting, hair loss and immune system disruption.
More specifically, IMGN529 attacks cancers cells in two distinct ways: ?through the anti-cancer activity of its antibody,? said Junius, ?as well as by utilizing our TAP technology to deliver one of our cancer cell-killing agents, DM1.?
Junius concedes that other biotechnology companies currently have non-Hodgkins lymphoma therapies in the works. These therapies are known as antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) compounds. Unlike ImmunoGen?s IMGN529, however, such ADC compounds do not have significant anti-cancer properties of their own. As Junius told New England Post, ?IMGN529 combines the benefit of an active antibody with the benefit of an ADC.?
IMGN529 is just one of many cancer therapies that ImmunoGen is developing using its TAP technology. In addition to IMGN529, the company has two compounds in clinical testing (IMGN901 and IMGN388) and expects an IND for a fourth (IMGN853) in early 2012.
?ImmunoGen expects to continue to develop proprietary compounds and to continue using our TAP technology in the compounds that we develop going forward,? said Junius. ?We also selectively out-license our technology to partners. Between our programs and those of our partners, we expect 11 TAP compounds to be in clinical testing by mid-2012.?
HaHa,dont let your obvious BIAS and dislike of Dave Phillips cloud your judjement!!!-just cuz you fell out with him dosent make him a bad bass player!!! And as for Nigel Lewis,well hes the KING,no one can touch him,brilliant on ANY bass or guitar,fantastic songs and vocals for almost 30 years in four superb bands!-just cuz he dont roll about like one of Bill Haleys Comets!!! And as i said first the original line-up of The M3t3ors blew EVERYONE away with their playing,style and originality.
It seems to be a little disgusting when you are detoxing or cleansing. Your body shows some signs that you have built up toxins. These toxins can affect your whole body fitness and health.
There are times that you feel sluggish and feel the stressful. Your body may experience continuous aching, diarrhea, constipation, and feeling of clumsiness. Rapid weight gain and the incapacity to lose the excess weight can also be signs of having toxins in the body.
Moreover, the toxins found in the body are found and stored on your fat cells. For Americans who are taking the usual American diet, a person may consume 70 trillion garbage cans for each cell. In detoxing your body and cleaning that unwanted garbage in your cells, you should pay attention on your elimination organs.
There are particular organs in your body that deal on cell waste management. These organs play a major role in the detoxing process for a fit and healthy body.
1. Your liver is the organ that recycles the unwanted chemicals in the body. It sorts out the toxins and places them to the organ for elimination during the process of circulation. The principal elimination organs will back up the liver on where these toxins will be stored and then eliminated.
2. The lymph glands also play an important role in eliminating the toxins. A network of tubing brings out the excess waste of the cells from the body and to the final eliminating organs. The appendix, thymus, tonsil, and spleens are major lymphatic glands that help the major organs of the body in cleansing and detoxing.
3. The kidneys help in the water management of the body. They are the ones that keep the good chemistry of the blood alkaline by eliminating the dissolved acid waste. You can help your kidney to function very well by drinking plenty of water. It is much better if you drink fresh alkaline juices and purified water. You may take ounce of alkaline everyday to see positive results on your body weight.
4. The lungs are the organs that keep the blood air purified. They allow the oxygen to go directly to the bloodstream. It is also responsible in removing waste gases that are found in every cell of the body. Deep breathing and fresh air is very helpful in keeping the lungs healthy and free from toxins. If you are in the urban area, it is recommended that you find an oxygen rich area where you can perform deep breathing.
5. The colon is a solid waste management organ in your body. Medical practitioners have found many peolpe that may have an 80-pound mucus and rubber like solid waste that are found on the walls of the colon. Detoxing and cleaning the colon can be a real tough thing to do. However, having a free waste colon can certainly provide you good benefits of having a clean and healthy body.
If you are experiencing some signs of detoxification, you may try doing a regular walking exercise. Exercise is a good key in having a fit and healthy body. Many diet doctors also suggest that you drink plenty of lemon water. This is an effective way of maintaining a very good circulation and can increase the rate of detoxification inside the body.
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Article Source: Benefits of Detoxing for Fitness And Health
Name: Quade Ace Murireann Sex: Male Age: Ninteen Role: Ghost Prince Appearance: Quade stands at just under six feet tall and is honestly quite thin, but has't yet reached things on the more lanky side, he never really does much in the area of physical labor. Though, that's not to say he's weak or anything, but he's a Ghost, he doesn't really need rippling muscles or anything like that to strike fear into people's hearts. He has very pale skin, he really doesn't absorb much sunlight...He is translucent, how could he, really? But, um, yeah, pair his pale skin with light brown eyes that always seem to have some sort of something hiding in them and you get an interesting picture. His hair is brown and curly, it's short, not that he has much of a choice on it. He's a prince, he'll do whatever the hell his mother wants him to do with his hair. Quade has a fairly handsome face if you can get past the fact that he's a ghost. His eyes are expressive, his jaw is strong and his lips are full and always seem to be curled up into a smile. It's more than just him liking to smile, too, it's simply the shape of his lips. He likes to wear simple garments, a plain pair of pants and a tunic of some sort will suit him, though his favorite color is red, so he wears it a lot.
Personality: When you think, "ghost" the first thing that may come to mind is some sort of sneaky bastard, right? Well, that's not quite right, see, Quade loves to be seen, loves to be heard, loves to be noticed. He's often upset because he feels like people just look straight through him (which, well, they do. I mean, he's a ghost...) He's loud, boisterous and just so happens to love himself a good party. Ah, yes, and he loves the ladies. Heh, flirting is a fun way to pass the time, yeah? Really, give him any girl (except a dryad, like, he's not racist or anything but they kind of freak him him.) and he guaranties he can get them to notice him before long, and honestly, whether they'll admit it or not, most women are flattered when a ghost flirts with them, because, honestly, he could be in the bedroom of much more beautiful woman than them and they wouldn't even know it. That said, though, Quade really is a romantic at heart. He wants to find a queen to work with, serve and love for the rest of his life, he's actually willing to change for the right woman. He really is loving and he feels, so much more deeply than anyone would think a ghost could, which is weird to him, because every ghost he knows feels things as deeply as he does. Every word said to him has the ability to make or break his day, it doesn't matter if it's at simple as "hello" or as complex as, "by the gods why are ghosts so damned creepy" he takes it all to heart. Though, you know, he's just the type of person to turn around and grab a drink to wash away pain, he hasn't really learned to deal with it any other way. What do you think about being able to choose your spouse: Quade loves the idea! Maybe, just maybe, he'll be able to end up with a gorgeous girl that actually doesn't think he's a creepy monster! Oh, and trust me, he's gonna try and get the most beautiful girl there, both inside and out. History: As a child, Quade was extremely susceptible to illness, there were times when it was thought that the only heir to the throne would simply "fade out." His parents, fearing for his life, pretty much locked him away during the war, tried to get him well. They tried everything, from herbs, to magic, they even got one of their angelic friends to try and heal him, but nothing seemed to work. It didn't effect anyone as deeply as it did the queen, and she'd often spend long days by his bedside, trying to convince her son that he'd be okay, even if he was already fading. That taught him what truly make a beautiful woman, the kind that really cares and will never, ever give up on her loved ones just because it seems hopeless. Well, after years of nothing, one of the remedies the king and queen tried began to work, and their eight-year-old son started to get well! It was a joyous day and if the kingdom weren't in the middle of the war, they would've celebrated.
Sadly enough, though, the king was soon lost to that very war, and the very day before it's end, too. The queen and young prince mourned his loss for months never had Quade felt such pain, such hopelessness. His father was dead, killed by the hand of a vampire. He knew it just had to be, simply because very few nations actually had swords that could harm a ghost, the vampire kingdom was one of the few. Quade started to try and counteract his pain, but nothing seemed to work right, nothing made it feel better. He hated that. He couldn't bring the man back, so he'd simple have to learn to be the best king he could be in his absence. And while it's hard at times, it's all going to be worth it in the end. Extra
Quade actually hates the dark. Horses freak him out a little. He loves grapes. Though, he hates cheese.
The Internet has an abundance of online resources of free and pay practice exam questions about information technology computer certification. There are many companies with high visibility websites that offer free practice exam and test questions to show that they are concerned about giving you some certification training. The practice exam questions that are more relevant to the actual certification exam will require a purchase. These websites are hoping that you will like the free practice test questions so you will want to purchase the detail ones that give you an explanation of the answer.
So, what is the solution? Well, before you get to the solution, you first need to realize the basic truth that there are no free lunches in this world. This realization is necessary because it will make it easier for you to curtail your disappointments, incase you do not find the right stuff, the very first time.
Where does a student who is preparing for an IT certification exam find practice exam questions that are similar or practically identical to the real certification exam? Can there possibly be a place for a person to find practice test question on computer certification that would be just like the ones on the actual exam? What would you look for in finding the best and most applicable practice exam questions about the actual certification exam? I would look for a place that had up to date practice exam question. Microsoft and others are constantly changing the test questions on the certification exam. All software companies have updates to there system, so the test questions should change also.
MCDST certification demonstrates valuable troubleshooting expertise with the Windows Desktop Operating System to employers and consumers. It provides a structure for learning the skills that support technicians need. As a desktop support technician, you will use excellent customer service skills, educate users, and solve hardware or software operation and application problems on the desktop. You will learn valuable skills and best practices consistent with networking and file sharing to maintaining DHCP communications devices and Domain name system for Internet system to translate names into IP addresses.
Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician certification validates the fundamental skills needed to enter the IT industry as a support professional. It communicates the technical skills of the individual to clients and employers and distinguishes career candidates from their peers. MCDST certification enhances job satisfaction through increased technical proficiency as you increase your knowledge and skills. MCDST certification helps advance support technician careers by providing a structured framework for learning skills, and provides a knowledge basis for additional Microsoft certifications, such as the MCSA and the MCSE.
Getting some advice from someone who has gone through the whole experience of receiving his or her information technology certification would greatly help. Someone who has not only a success story to tell you about when passing a certification exam but also can tell of a failure in order for you to better learn from their mistake. They probably could tell you where you could get the best computer training and find the best practice exam questions that would be the closest to the actual certification exam at a good price.
For more information on Flash training courses, visit Macresource Computer Training, an independent computer training company offering Flash training courses at their central London training centre.
LOS ANGELES ? Copyrights and images from Marilyn Monroe's first photo shoot are hitting the auction block.
A bankruptcy judge in Florida ruled earlier this week that photos taken in 1946 of Norma Jeane Dougherty ? who went on to become the iconic Monroe ? will be sold at auction to settle the debts of the photographer.
Joseph Jasgur's photos, negatives and image copyrights will be sold in December by Julien's Auctions. The collection also includes several model-release forms Dougherty signed for Jasgur in Hollywood.
Darren Julien, chief of Julien's Auctions, said the photos have not been widely distributed and the collection has been locked up in court battles for more than two decades. He said the sale is significant because "it's very rare to see something where you can buy a copyrighted image of (Monroe), especially of her first photo shoot."
"It's really hard to put a value on something like this, because it's rare and not just for the collector," he said, noting that the owner of the copyrights will be able to sell and distribute the images. "These are probably the most significant images of Marilyn that are available because they're so early, from the first part of her career, and it's rare to have images like these where you're selling the rights, too."
He declined to estimate how much the images and copyrights will sell for at the company's "Icons & Idols" auction, to be held Dec. 2-4 in Beverly Hills, Calif.
The photos include a black-and-white headshot of the future Monroe wearing a jaunty beret, another of her in a halter top and a color picture of her smiling in a striped bikini on the sand. Julien said Jasgur was hired by the Blue Book modeling agency to shoot the then-unknown Norma Jeane.
___
Online:
www.juliensauctions.com
___
AP Entertainment Writer Sandy Cohen can be reached at www.twitter.com/APSandy.
Sales is an essential part of each organization and really should be addressed with maximum care and precision. Big or small, each and every enterprise has to preserve its sector and reports. You will discover range of tasks mixed up in means of preserving balances and it should not be misjudged like a uncomplicated process. It is certainly a mind-numbing affair that?s needed is legally, and quick and excellent methods of a myriad of information technology desires are want the hour. These days, several of accounting program like QuickBooks, are you can purchase that turns out to be powerful and reliable.
There are lots of corporate and business and enterprises whoever organization specifications are usually not content by 1 sales program and for that reason they might require a number of customized instruments in this distinct business which fulfill their certain demands and still provide with particular functions in addition to usefulness.
Small business requirements are diversified. Ever see needs precise resources that take its organization effortlessly and quickly. For example, again-business office efficiency or top to bottom-unique are the functions that aren?t based on QuickBooks. This generated enhancing other resources which then came into existence.
Therefore, IDN (Intuit Builder Circle) was created that bridged the issues for little businessmen and particular person coders and even elevated QuickBooks practical experience. It cuts down on the access and calculation problems. The is intergrated from the software in QuickBooks fixed several conditions that were previous unresolved. The Intuit included QuickBooks chances are has presented around 400 support answers to their prospective buyers.
There are other human resources applications as well that contain made it easier for small business owners. Sage Expert Builder, the QuickBooks Builder and QuickBooks Point of Sale are some of the types of beneficial, trusted human resources software packages that shown best to this company entrepreneurs. These help with making and tweaking payroll requirements, constructing steadiness bedding, and information of other depreciations, taxes and possessions.
Aside from these, there are several computer software that have been designed to correct the several and particular requires of companies and accounting wants. One example is, Peachtree, a software produced by Sage has precise answers based on the amount of end users (accounting firms) and remedies developed for structure, production, neo-gain corporations and supply cpa networks.
Even Milliseconds offers an Sales bundle that work well with Quickbooks documents, and may also significance files from Surpass or perhaps a CSV file. It also offers several internet banking attributes down have real profit develop craigs list listings and download PayPal orders.
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PERUGIA, Italy (Reuters) ? An Italian prosecutor attacked on Saturday the "embarrassing" performance of forensic experts who shed doubt on evidence used to convict American student Amanda Knox for the murder of her British housemate.
On the second day of closing arguments in Knox's appeals trial in the university town of Perugia, prosecutor Manuela Comodi questioned the methods used by the experts whose work was not up to standards, she said.
"Would you entrust the marriage of your only daughter to a cook who knew all the recipes by heart but has never cooked?" Comodi asked the panel of lay and professional judges.
The experts' report boosted Knox's case for being absolved of murdering Meredith Kercher with her Italian boyfriend Raffaele Sollecito during a frenzied sex game in 2007. The Seattle native has already spent nearly four years in prison.
Their report concluded traces of Sollecito's DNA found on Kercher's bra clasp could have been due to contamination. But if contamination had occurred, DNA belonging to many others would also have been found on the clasp, Comodi argued.
Pulling out a white bra, Comodi said Sollecito's DNA ended up on the clasp when he pulled one end of Kercher's bra strap and cut off the bra with his other hand.
Kercher's murder and Knox's trial has transfixed Italy, Britain and the United States, helped in large part by the American's fresh-faced good looks and the gruesome nature of the murder.
A verdict in the appeals trial is expected after concluding arguments from both prosecution and defense at the end of next week, nearly four years after the murder stunned Italy and shook Perugia's image as an idyllic student town in the Umbrian hills.
Knox was sentenced in 2009 to 26 years in prison and Sollecito to 25 years for the murder. Rudy Guede, an Ivorian drifter with a criminal record, is also serving time for taking part in Kercher's murder.
PORTLAND, MAINE ? It used to be that the business with the biggest budget had the advantage in marketing ? more money meant more ad buys, more ways to get your message in front of more potential customers.
But the growth of social media has flipped that construct on its head, said Mike Volpe, chief marketing officer at HubSpot, a marketing software company.
?It?s much more about how smart you are than the width of your wallet,? said Volpe. ?It?s empowering to small business.?
Volpe was a featured speaker at the Social Media For The Win ? or ?FTW? ? conference in Portland on Thursday. It was the third annual FTW conference, and it drew roughly 400 marketers, business owners and other professionals interested in learning how to best leverage the social media phenomena to their companies? advantage. There were another 375 watching online as the conference was streamed by WCSH/WLBZ, according to Rich Brooks, one of the organizers.
Volpe and others during the day gave a number of tips that Maine?s entrepreneurs might make use of to drive business.
Volpe spoke about the disconnect between how marketers reach customers and how customers shop.
Instead of pushing out a message to potential customers, he said, businesses should develop relevant online content that will draw them in ? when they?re looking for specific products and services.
?Content is what makes you interesting,? he said.
He pointed to a blog post he wrote four years ago for his company that last month generated 70 new sales leads as potential clients found the work through a search and read it. His company has 2,000 blog posts, all potentially developing leads, he said.
Volpe said his company analyzed 500,000 blog posts to find common trends in popularity. People want analysis of news or different takes on news, he said.
He also suggested that companies use social media to research their clients, a more effective tool than the traditional focus group, he said. Their clients? blog posts, Twitter feeds and other online comments all offer ?deep insight into their soul ? who they are,? he said.
Jenna Lebel, managing director of account strategy at Likeable Media, a social media and word-of-mouth marketing firm based in New York City, talked about ways to use Facebook for your business.
She started off by getting rid of some preconceptions. Social marketing isn?t free ? it does have a cost in time and/or money, if done right. There are no instant results, she said. And good social marketing can?t make up for bad products.
She shared a list of the top 10 reasons why consumers ?like? fan pages on Facebook, which is valuable because search engines now are using the amount of social media ?likes? or ?follows? to help rank pertinent and authentic search results.
The reasons:
1. To get discounts or promotions
2. To show support of a brand to their friends
3. To get freebies
4. To stay informed about a company?s activities
5. To get updates on future projects
6. To get updates on upcoming sales
7. For fun
8. To get access to exclusive content
9. To learn more about a company
10. To become more educated on company topics
Lebel suggested businesses be timely and likable on Facebook, but don?t overpost. Respond quickly to all bad comments rather than deleting them ? and try to respond to all comments, including positive ones.
Companies should pose questions on Facebook because engaging fans helps keep them interested in your business, she said. And, she added, ?whatever you?re asking, you?re getting some intel.?
She also stressed the value of Facebook ads, which can be targeted down to incredibly specific demographics, taking into account everything from geography to age, likes, interests, education, workplace, titles and more.
Your life would definitely be easier and more complacent if your memory skills are superb and dynamic. You can conveniently recall events, information and other substantial matters in an instant. Intelligence and ingenuity are amongst the skills or traits of an individual with brilliant memory power. Sadly, our memory skills would deteriorate as we grow older. Unhealthy lifestyle can also affect the functions and capabilities of an individual?s brain memory. There are several ways on how to improve memory power. You don?t need any fancy gadgets and paraphernalia to improve your brain functions and memory.
Improving your memory power can definitely provide several benefits for you and your loved ones. It could be the path to a successful life and it can also lead you to the window of opportunities for a better career. Everything in your life will definitely be better if you can improve your memory functions. You should follow these substantial proceedings to improve your memory power so that you can be able to provide the best for your family.
One of the most efficient proceedings on how to improve memory power is to sleep for seven to eight hours per day. Recent studies have confirmed that sleep depriving can lead to lackluster mental performance. Individuals that are deprived of sleep will experience stress, mood swings, depression and inefficiency at work. Sleeping replenishes and relaxes your mind. Students should sleep the night before their exams instead of studying to increase the chances of passing the examinations.
Indulging in foods that are abundant in minerals and vitamins is also an effective method on how to improve memory power. Complex carbohydrates such as fruits, grains and vegetables should be part of your diet to improve your memory functions. Lean meats, cheese, milks, fishes and other foods that are rich in protein should also be taken to improve an individual?s memory.
Playing in games that would administer mental challenges and exercises is also a substantial procedure on how to improve memory power. You will certainly enjoy these amusing games, but they will also exercise and improve your mental concentration and logical approaches. Playing these games regularly or daily will definitely improve your mental and memory power.
Exercises such as running and weight lifting would not only provide visible benefits to the body, but it will provide positive vibrations to the mind and brain as well. These exercises can enable your body to supple more oxygen to your brain and it would minimize the factors that can cause memory gap or loss. Exercises can make look better and it could also make you smarter as well.
Laughter is also the best medicine to cure your memory predicaments. Laughing and enjoying life can be an essential method on how to improve memory power. It basically reduces your tensions, stress and apprehensions that can hinder your thoughts and brain functions. Laughter is also good for your heart.
Improving your memory is not that complicated as your perceived them to be. There are no tablets or pills needed to improve your brain functions. These methods and proceedings can be the substantial solutions to your brain predicaments. For more information on how to improve memory power, please refer to this website: http://www.memoryimprovementplace.com/how-to-improve-memory-power
Want to find out more about how to improve memory power, then visit Vincent Rickson?s site on how to choose the best how to improve memory power for your needs.
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Yemeni anti-government protestors carry an injured protestor from the site of clashes with security forces, in Sanaa, Yemen, Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011. Rapidly escalating street battles between opponents of Yemen's regime and forces loyal to its embattled president spread to the home districts of senior government figures and other highly sensitive areas of the capital on Tuesday. A third day of fighting, including a mortar attack on unarmed protesters, killed nine people, medical officials said.(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)
Yemeni anti-government protestors carry an injured protestor from the site of clashes with security forces, in Sanaa, Yemen, Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011. Rapidly escalating street battles between opponents of Yemen's regime and forces loyal to its embattled president spread to the home districts of senior government figures and other highly sensitive areas of the capital on Tuesday. A third day of fighting, including a mortar attack on unarmed protesters, killed nine people, medical officials said.(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)
Islam's holy book, the Quran, is placed on the body of Yemeni anti-government protestor, Abdou Saeed Mohammed, who was killed during recent clashes with security at a field hospital in Sanaa, Yemen, Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011. Rapidly escalating street battles between opponents of Yemen's regime and forces loyal to its embattled president spread to the home districts of senior government figures and other highly sensitive areas of the capital on Tuesday. A third day of fighting, including a mortar attack on unarmed protesters, killed nine people, medical officials said. Writing in Arabic reads: Martyr Abdou Saeed Mohammed, Taiz".(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)
Islam's holy book, the Quran, are placed on the chests of the bodies of dead Yemeni anti-government protestors at a field hospital following clashes with security forces in Sanaa, Yemen, Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011. Rapidly escalating street battles between opponents of Yemen's regime and forces loyal to its embattled president spread to the home districts of senior government figures and other highly sensitive areas of the capital on Tuesday. A third day of fighting, including a mortar attack on unarmed protesters, killed nine people, medical officials said.(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)
Yemeni anti-government protestors carry a bleeding protestor from the site of clashes with security forces, in Sanaa, Yemen, Tuesday, Sept. 20, 2011. Rapidly escalating street battles between opponents of Yemen's regime and forces loyal to its embattled president spread to the home districts of senior government figures and other highly sensitive areas of the capital on Tuesday. A third day of fighting, including a mortar attack on unarmed protesters, killed nine people, medical officials said.(AP Photo/Hani Mohammed)
SANAA, Yemen (AP) ? Yemeni government forces on Wednesday fired mortars at tens of thousands of mourners at funerals held for protesters killed in clashes, shattering a cease-fire negotiated a day earlier to end the Arab nation's latest bout of deadly violence. The shelling killed three people and wounded at least 16.
The mourners were gathered for funeral prayers for anti-government protesters killed in a deadly, three-day government crackdown in which the death toll topped 80 ? a sudden spike in violence explained by protesters' impatience with their longtime president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, who they say is dragging his feet instead of signing a deal to step down.
Also in Sanaa, the headquarters of the renegade 1st Armored Division came under heavy shelling from government forces.
The officials said the shelling targeted a part of Change Square, where protesters have camped out since February to demand the ouster of Saleh, in power since 1978.
The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak to reporters.
The 1st Armored Division, one of Yemen's most combat tested military outfits, mutinied in March to join the opposition. It is led by Saleh's one-time confidant and war veteran Maj. Gen. Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar.
The targeting of the division's headquarters is the latest indication that the fight over control of the Yemeni capital will primarily pit the rebel unit against the elite Republican Guards, led by Ali's son and one-time heir apparent Ahmed. Both sides claim about 20,000 fighters inside the capital, but the Guards have superior weaponry. Military experts say the final showdown between them would be won by the side that shows better urban warfare techniques.
Gulf and U.N. mediators appear to have given up on persuading Yemen's opposition and the government to talk about their transition plan, which has been on the table for months. It would allow Saleh to resign in exchange for immunity from prosecution. Saleh has come close to signing several times, only to pull back at the last minute.
Saleh is still in Saudi Arabia, where he went for treatment after suffering severe wounds in an attack on his Sanaa compound in June. Last week, he mandated his vice president to negotiate over the plan proposed by the Gulf Cooperation Council, a loose six-nation alliance of energy-rich nations, and backed by the United States.
The opposition rejected his move as more stalling.
Abdullatif bin Rashid al-Zayani, the GCC's general-secretary, abruptly left Yemen Wednesday, according to a Yemeni government official. Al-Zayani's departure came shortly after meeting with Vice President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi.
The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to the press.
The resumption of violence on Wednesday followed a brief lull that allowed Sanaa residents to venture out from their homes morning to buy food and other supplies. Many hurried back home as an outburst of heavy gunfire rang out from an area close to the residence of the vice president.
Yemen's turmoil began in February as the unrest spreading throughout the Arab world set off largely peaceful protests in the deeply impoverished and unstable corner of the Arabian Peninsula that is also home to an al-Qaida offshoot blamed for several nearly successful attempts to attack the United States.
The government has responded with a heavy crackdown, with hundreds killed and thousands wounded.
ScienceDaily (Sep. 20, 2011) ? The first comprehensive inventory of epigenetic changes over several generations shows that these often do not last and therefore probably have limited effects on long-term evolution, according to scientists in Germany.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck would have been delighted: geneticists no longer dismiss out of hand his belief that acquired traits can be passed on to offspring. When Darwin published his book on evolution, Lamarck's theory of transformation went onto the ash heap of history. But in the last decade, we have learned that the environment can after all leave traces in the genomes of animals and plants, in form of so-called epigenetic modifications. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Developmental Biology in Germany have now produced the first comprehensive inventory of spontaneous epigenetic changes.
Using Arabidopsis, the workhorse of modern plant genetics, the researchers determined how often and where in the genome epigenetic modifications occur -- and how often they disappear again. They found that epigenetic changes are many orders of magnitude more frequent than conventional DNA mutations, but also often short lived. They are therefore probably much less important for long-term evolution than previously thought.
A team led by Detlef Weigel, director of the Department for Molecular Biology, focused on one of the most important epigenetic marks, methylation of DNA. Tiny chemical building blocks, methyl groups, are thereby attached to individual letters of the DNA, mostly to cytosines. The genetic information itself in form of the four different letters or nucleotides that make up the genetic code remains unchanged in this process.
To determine the rate and distribution of methylation changes in the genome, the German biologists looked at ten Arabidopsis lines. These lines came from the same stock, but had been propagated independently for 30 generations by self-fertilization. In the genome of the last generation the scientists then searched for differences in the methylation pattern in comparison to the common ancestor. They produced for each individual a complete map of methylated cytosines in the genome, the so-called methylome.
"For each line, we were able to look at about 14 million cytosines," said Claude Becker, a member of the T?bingen team. On average, every plant had almost 3 million methylated cytosines. The vast majority of these were the same in all lines, but about 6 percent had changed since the lines had become separated. At these positions, at least one of the individuals was different, with either methylation gained or lost relative to the ancestor. Each of the lines had about 30,000 such epimutations, which was 1,000 times more than DNA mutations.
With 30,000 epimutations after 30 generations, the geneticists had expected that 1,000 epimutations occurred in each generation. When they directly compared parents and their immediate offspring, they were surprised to find that the epimutation rate was three to four times as high.The scientists concluded that many epimutations are apparently not stable and return to their original state after a few generations.
Thus, averaging the mutation rate over many generations is misleading. Becker's colleague J?rg Hagmann therefore cautions not to overestimate the importance of DNA methylation during evolution: "Our experiments show that methylation changes are often reversible." In other words: New epimutations are often not maintained over the long term. "Only when selection wins out over reversion can these epimutations affect evolution," says Hagmann. A new epimutation thus must have a strong evolutionary advantage so that it can become established before being lost again. Because reverse mutations do not necessarily happen in the next generation, it is still possible that epigenetic differences contribute to inheritance of traits between parents and their children or grandparents and their grandchildren.
Another difference to ordinary mutations is that epimutations do not occur randomly, but often at the same places in the genome. While genes were disproportionately often affected, methylation of mobile DNA elements, transposons, was very stable. This appears to make sense, since it was already known that artificially induced loss of methylation has a much greater effect on the activity of transposons than of regular genes.
More important than the state of individual cytosines is probably the methylation of larger segments of the genome. "In each plant we found only about 30 such regions in which they differed from the other lines," explains Becker. Hagmann adds: "Such whole-sale epigenetic changes appear to be as rare as true DNA sequence mutations." These differences can nevertheless appear very rapidly. The biologists discovered one region that first lost its methyl groups, only to become completely remethylated in the next generation.
What makes epigenetics interesting for human health is the fact that some epigenetic changes can be triggered by external factors. There is evidence that nutrition or the bond between children and their parents can leave traces in the genome that can be passed on to the next generation. The limited stability of DNA methylation implies, however, that such differences do not necessarily last forever, which is probably not a bad idea because a famine might not last forever. It also means that altered DNA methylation often cannot become subject to natural selection.
The results of the Max Planck scientists demonstrate that epigenetic differences can also arise spontaneously, without drastic changes in the environment. After all, the growth conditions in the green house, where each of the 10 lines was propagated, were constant. This opens the door to further speculation. "We suspect that the epimutation increase is higher and more variable when plants grow in nature, where they are stressed all the time," says Becker. If this were paralleled by an even higher reversion rate, then the importance of epigenetics for long-term evolution would be even lower.
Participating scientists and institutions
Detlef Weigel, Claude Becker, J?rg Hagmann, Jonas M?ller and Daniel Koenig in the Department of Molecular Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Germany; Oliver Stegle and Karsten Borgwardt from the Machine Learning and Computational Biology Research Group at the Max Planck Institutes for Developmental Biology and Intelligent Systems, Germany.
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The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.
Journal Reference:
Claude Becker, J?rg Hagmann, Jonas M?ller, Daniel Koenig, Oliver Stegle, Karsten Borgwardt, Detlef Weigel. Spontaneous epigenetic variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana methylome. Nature, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/nature10555
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Recently, I was approached by a client who was interested in starting a business, however he was curious to learn about the different business structures available, and which would be most suitable for him. Considering this was not the first time I have addressed such an inquiry, I felt it prudent to elaborate on the various structures and explain the differences between each. 
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The current standard of care when it comes to treating non-Hodgkin?s lymphoma ? the most prevalent type of hematological or ?blood-based? cancer ? is a drug called rituximab. While rituximab does not typically cause unfavorable side effects in patients, the problem with the drug is that doctors frequently seek to increase its effectiveness by combining it with chemotherapy. This practice, unfortunately, also reduces a patient?s ability to tolerate rituximab.